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We found that single genetic variants frequently affect binding of multiple TFs, and CTCF can recruit all five TFs to its binding sites.
Of the remaining 10 DHSs, with the exception of 6-III, all were enhancers on both promoters in K562 cells because of the binding of multiple TFs.
For transcriptionally regulated gene expression, this implies the cooperative binding of multiple TFs to the same promoter (or another biochemical process that mimics this effect).
Our data allow multiple strategies for combinatorial analysis via (1) dynamism of binding of a single TF during differentiation, (2) combinatorial binding of multiple TFs within one compartment, (3) TF interchange between compartments, (4) DNA motif content, and (5) expression behavior of linked genes.
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Some more recent models have used binding sites of multiple TFs observed through ChIP-Seq [ 11- 13], but they estimate TF binding affinity only for the cell type used in ChIP-Seq, and therefore, cannot predict gene expression in other cell types.
Simultaneously detecting the binding sites of multiple TFs, including SUMOylated TFs, is therefore a difficult task.
Since gene expression is driven by the cohesive action of multiple TFs binding to specific TFBSs, common cTFBSs may define co-regulated genes [ 14, 52].
Because gene regulation typically involves combinatorial action of multiple TFs, functional binding sites tend to occur as groups that are often referred to as cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) [29].
Such a dramatic increase in the number and diversity of binding motifs strongly suggested that the expression profile of ras V12scrib tumors resulted from a cooperative network of multiple TFs as opposed to the activity of one particular TF.
A third observation is that in most cases Su(H) binding sites are imbedded in larger CSBs, suggesting that CSB function is regulated by the integrated function of multiple TFs.
The effect of multiple TFs on gene expression is modeled as the weighted sum of the contribution of individual TFs.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com