Residues between 1,189 and 1,326 of ATRX serve as the dominant binding module for DAXX, and residues 321 865 of ATRX may constitute a secondary DAXX-interacting module (Tang et al., 2004).
Alternatively, within-domain associations describe a type of relationship between items that share an overlapping neural representation (e.g., two objects from the same semantic category) that does not require a distinct "binding module" for their integration.
We have re-examined the role of the 53BP1-BRCT2 domand and show unambiguously that it is a competent binding module for phosphorylated peptides with a clear specificity for the DNA-damage marker γH2AX, and in isolation from other parts of 53BP1 is sufficient for localization to sites of DNA damage in cells associated with γH2AX.
Currently, no specific binding module for histone tyrosine phosphorylation is known, and the positions of Tyr residues in histones (only two of 15 histone Tyr residues are surface-exposed) suggest that pTyr may be able to exert its functions by directly modulating nucleosome structure and DNA access.
SCM also belongs to a small family of proteins characterized by the presence of a conserved malignant brain tumor domain (MBT), which functions as a binding module for methylated lysines on histones (Bonasio et al., 2010a), further suggesting that SCM might function on chromatin.
If the IREs function as composite binding modules for multiple transcription factors, then the chicken IRE-like element might contain a subset of the binding modules found in mammalian IREs as well as distinct modules.
Since palindromes commonly serve as recognition sequences for transcription factors, the clustering of conserved palindromic sequences suggests that the IREs may function as composite binding modules for a complex of transcription factors.
Recent reports showed that the UBX domains may act as general binding modules for p97 and/or p97 homologs, possibly representing a first common role for UBX domains [ 68].
When trimethylated at lysines-9/27, these motifs may act as binding modules for heterchromatin protein 1 (HP1 -like cHP1 -likein proteins, whose protein family members were shown to partichromodomainproteinsunctions such as transcriptional repression and activation.
Our results present CasRx as a programmable RNA-binding module for efficient targeting of cellular RNA, enabling a general platform for transcriptome engineering and future therapeutic development.
