For an alternative binding interaction to be deleterious, the proteins need to have a deleterious interaction (as defined by biological fitness) and to have the potential to interact at the same time, in the same cellular location, at the right concentration [ 42].
Unlike surface plasmon resonance and other automated instrumentation devoted to the study of protein binding interactions in which the interaction to be quantified is that between a soluble and an immobilized binding partner, the equilibrium binding data determined by kinetic exclusion assays are those obtained for the binding reaction in homogeneous solution.
Moreover, we found that when the arrays were assembled on membranes of small unilamellar vesicles, the binding interactions appeared to be even strong enough to promote the deformation of these SUVs.
These results demonstrate that the 1F1-BeWo IE binding interaction to the BeWo cells is CSA and HA independent.
With the larger substrates β-endorphin and amyloid β peptide the extended binding interactions would be expected to make the conformational change needed for product release energetically more difficult than with small substrates.
One well-documented effect of these p300 ligand binding interactions is to facilitate the formation of a transcriptionally activating complex.
Major binding interactions were found to be of dispersion type (residues Tyr158, Ile215, Met103 and Met199) and a hydrogen bond with Tyr158.
However apart from a few exceptions, defining the importance of disorder in promiscuous binding interactions has proven to be difficult.
Both fibronectin and heparin, which are known to possess TGF-β1 binding interactions, were found to increase VIC α-SMA expression (120% and 258% of expression in controls), while VICs cultured on collagen I-modified substrates had diminished α-SMA expression (66% of control).
The advantage of this model is that it allows the energetic contributions of epistatic interactions to binding to be precisely quantified and the statistical significance of such contributions to be evaluated (please see the subsections "Determinants of affinity in RE sequence space", "Effects of amino acid substitutions on affinity" and "Epistasis across a molecular interface").
