This is supported by other invertebrate models, where GATA binding elements have been found in the promoters of genes important in defense responses of D. melanogaster [43] [45], the silkworm Bombyx mori [46], and the mosquito Aedes aegypti [47].
In fact, NFRs that host transcription factor binding elements have been proposed to act as nucleosome positioning markers [ 6, 23].
The HIF binding consensus sequence, the Hypoxia Response Element, has been widely studied in mammalian cells; from its initial identification due to its association with transcriptional activation of erythropoietin, to extensive ChIP-sequencing of cells exposed to hypoxic conditions [ 12, 33].
The nasty element has been sidelined.
Promoter reporter constructs containing the cAMP binding protein response element have been extensively used in mammalian systems to detect changes in cAMP that alter gene expression [ 22- 25].
There are several types of elements involved in transcriptional regulation including promoters, enhancers, and nuclear structure-associated elements such as CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) binding regions; each of these elements has been associated with non-coding SNPs.
Furthermore, binding of CTCF to cis elements has been shown to form well-positioned nucleosome arrays around them, providing a potential mechanistic link between primary genome sequence and chromatin state [ 25].
In addition, the location of substrate-binding residues in the same secondary structural elements has been found in other CYPs (Nebert et al. 2013).
Several potential Foxi1-binding cis-elements have been identified in the human a4 promoter.
RNA processing is not a category previously associated with classical HNF4α binding sites, but Alu elements have been found to play a direct role in alternative splicing [ 51].
