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The binding efficiency was calculated from the following equation: The morphology of PLA-PEG-NPs and DNA-PLA-PEG-NPs was examined under transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEM-1200EX, Japan).
Binding efficiency was calculated in comparison to the amount of the respective radiolabeled MMPs initially added (100%).
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The switching efficiency was calculated by dividing the difference in binding capacity between +0.3 V and –0.4 V by the binding capacity at +0.3 V. To begin with, we investigated the binding efficiency of the pure biotin-4KC monolayers.
PCR efficiency was calculated using the following equation: Efficiency % = (10^ -1/ Slope -1)*100% Amplification factor waSlope -1ated using the following equation: Amplification factor=10^(-1/Slope).
Steady-state power conversion efficiency was calculated by measuring stabilized photocurrent density under constant bias voltage.
The instantaneous transpiration efficiency was calculated as the ratio of P N to G s.
PCR efficiency was calculated from standard curves according to the equation E = 10(−10slope).
Cutting efficiency was calculated based on Sanger sequencing of the sgRNA target region as described36.
Encapsulation efficiency was calculated using Eq.1.
Fermentation efficiency was calculated as [26].
Amplification efficiency was calculated by dilution.
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