Spatial condition: 3-D mobility of the end-effector is required (i.e., planar 3-DoF mechanism excluded).
For accurate positioning of microobjects using water flow, the precise high-speed motions of the end-effector is required.
These genes might represent a core set of effectors which is required for infection.
Taken together, these results show that only the core GTP-binding domain of Rnd3 is required for stress fibre induction, and that this is not mediated by known Rnd3 effectors.
When PTI becomes ineffective because of pathogen effector generation, the second line of active defense, referred to as effector-triggered immunity (ETI), is required for resistance meditated by the interactions of host resistance (R) genes and pathogen effectors [7].
Whereas the RXLR motif is required for effector translocation into the host cell, the C-terminal region comprises a more variable "effector domain" [34], [35], [36], [37].
Along the direction of the membrane normal, the TM core can be divided into three parts: The extracellular third is mainly responsible for ligand binding (Hanson and Stevens, 2009); the middle part is required for signal transduction (Zhang et al., 2013); and the intracellular third is responsible for interactions with downstream effectors (Rasmussen et al., 2011).
Our characterization of Tap-1 reveals that a protein of the DUF4123 superfamily is required for the interaction between a T6SS effector and its cognate VgrG protein, subsequent effector secretion, and effector-mediated killing.
Thus, PKCα is required for activation of Rac and its downstream effector PAK in C8161.9 cells.
IL-23 is required for expansion and maintenance of Th17 effectors [ 4].
