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It will then be interesting to address the detailed impacts of changes in binding, decay, and production rates as decay rates and binding affinities are known to vary not only with age but also during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle due to changes in the glycosylic moiety of the hormone [ 56, 132].
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To better understand the causes of binding capacity decay, the Protein A resin needs to be probed directly.
Cleaning-in-place (CIP) protocols aim to optimise the lifespan of the resin by slowing binding capacity decay.
Previous reports point to ligand degradation during CIP as the primary factor causing binding capacity decay [ 23, 16].
Hence, measuring Protein A ligand leaching by ELISA [ 13] is unlikely to be indicative of binding capacity decay reasserting the need for direct resin measurements.
This approach revealed the cause of binding capacity decay by determining the amount of adsorbed protein on the beads and the conformation of the immobilised protein ligand.
We concluded that binding capacity decay following a typical CIP protocol result from Protein A ligand denaturation due to unfolding rather than proteolysis.
Since typical CIP protocols do not expose the resin to such harsh conditions [ 19, 16], this result confirms that binding capacity decay does not arise from proteolysis.
FHL-1 has essentially the same C inhibiting functions (cofactor activity, inhibition of factor B binding and decay accelerating activity) as factor H (Kühn et al, 1995; Kühn and Zipfel, 1996; Hellwage et al, 1997).
Since the resin binding capacity decays over repeated CIP cycles, the exposure time to NaOH should directly relate to ligand degradation.
Isoforms caused by 3′ UTR alternative splicing can modify the production of the protein through altering locations for microRNA binding and activating decay pathways such as the nonsense-mediated decay pathway [ 63, 64].
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