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That figure refers to "commitments" in EU parlance, meaning legally binding budget pledges for EU projects.
The final binding budget figures are not due until Sept. 15.
With a binding budget constraint, the government had to select the projects it funded and thus to depart from neutrality.
Earmarks are more likely to occur when the executive serves broad interests, while a binding budget cap arises when the executive's constituency is more narrow than that of the powerful legislators.
Since hospitals do not face binding budget constraints and there is no clear link between pay and performance, there are few incentives for anyone in the NHS to boost efficiency.
To limit negative effects in the presence of closely binding budget constraints, after a very limited period of time, the scheme should be tightened back again irrespectively if a recovery takes hold or not65.
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Although the move to become the first country in the world to set legally binding budgets was widely commended, there was also criticism that the cuts were not enough and there was too little money for low-carbon energy and efficiency to meet them.
Because it is a non-binding budget resolution that the Senate is considering, whatever is decided today is not the final word.
In March, the Senate voted 99-0 in favor of a non-binding budget amendment, introduced by Sens. David Vitter (R-La).
When Warren sponsored a non-binding budget amendment in March 2015 calling for "sustainable expansion" of Social Security benefits, all but two of the Senate Democrats present voted in favor.
In the past week, Republicans in the House and Senate have passed non-binding budget resolutions ― recommendations for how the party thinks spending should be allocated, or to be accurate, cut.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com