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Therefore, other factors may be involved, such as increased protonation of surface proteins reducing chitosan binding at low pH.
Monomeric CquiOBP1 bound MOP in a pH-dependent manner, with a change in secondary structure apparently related to the loss of binding at low pH.
Fluorescence, CD and NMR studies suggest a dramatic pH-dependent conformational change, with high affinity to pheromone constituents at neutral pH and no binding at low pH.
Having previously observed that PBPs from the silkworm moth, B. mori, and the wild silkworm moth, A. polyphemus, undergo pH-dependent conformational changes [3], [4], [5], [36] that lead to lack of binding at low pH [3], [5], we assessed the effect of pH on the conformation of AtraPBP1.
There was a marked increase in the intensity and duration of NF-κB binding to a consensus oligonucleotide for the promoter of genes controlled by this transcription factor at low pH, especially for the p50 p50 homodimer (Fig. 4A and B), but no increase in p50 p50 homodimer or p65 p50 heterodimer binding at low pH in THP-1 macrophages (Fig. 4C).
Eight of 11 residues of RNase 1 that were perturbed most upon binding at low pH are in RNase A, with Thr24, His80, and Lys102 of RNase 1 being replaced with serine, asparagine, and alanine, respectively, in RNase A. Like Globo H, glycosaminoglycans reside on the surface of human cells.
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The high binding capacity at low pH indicates that phosphate binding could begin in the stomach.
Since moth pheromone-binding proteins undergo pH-dependent conformational changes [7], [24] that leads to decreased binding affinity at low pH [25], [26], we examined the effect of pH on the ability of CquiOBP1 to bind MOP.
We present evidence that SBD binds to artificial membranes with raft-like composition, with improved binding efficiency at low pH and in the presence of gangliosides.
At physiological pH, Zn II) is terminally bound to the cysteine thiols of MT2a, making bead-like structures (non-cooperative metal binding), while at low pH, Zn II) formed Zn4S11-MT2a clusters involving bridged cysteinyl thiols to the Zn II) (cooperative metal binding).
The competition of the hydronium ions [H3O−] and metal ions for binding sites at low pH values makes ligands on the cell associate closely with the hydronium ions, but at high pH values, the hydronium ions are dissociated and the positively charged metal ions are associated with the free binding sites.
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