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The addition of negatively charged phospholipids into the monolayer results in decreased binding and insertion of the stearylated peptides, indicating modification in the balance of hydrophobic versus electrostatic interactions of peptides with lipid bilayer, thus revealing some clues for the selective interaction of these CPPs with different lipids.
Also, the weak membrane binding and insertion of BCLX-α5S compared to BCLX-α5L appears difficult to justify since the first is more hydrophobic than the second (Table 1).
The monolayers displayed a homogenous surface in the presence of BID-α7 (Figure 6B, third row) or BCL-xL and BID BH3 fragments (Figure 6C, second and third row), and no brighter domains of more condensed phase were formed, in agreement with the low binding and insertion of these peptides.
Peptide-induced efflux becomes faster as the Gibbs energies for binding and insertion of the tp10 variants decrease.
Nevertheless, it is clear that the changes in efflux rate reflect the differences in the thermodynamics of binding and insertion of the free and amidated peptide groups.
Although more work is necessary to understand whether the most important effect of peptide amidation is the change in charge or an enhancement of helical structure, it is clear that the changes in efflux rate reflect the differences in the thermodynamics of binding and insertion of the free and amidated peptide groups.
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Our findings reveal the influence of disruption to lipid headgroup packing (via curvature or surface tension) on the pathway of binding and insertion, highlighting the collaborative effort of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions on interaction of SVS-1 with lipid bilayers.
Collectively, these results suggest that the differences in amino acid composition and sequence between analogous α5 peptides directly influence the efficiency of monolayer binding and insertion, and that the patterns of peptide-membrane interaction are different for BAX-, BCL-xL and BID-derived fragments.
On the contrary, formation of aggregates had great impacts on peptide binding and insertion into the lipid bilayer of cell membrane.
Changes in the order parameter upon membrane binding and insertion provided insights into the orientation of the peptide and the role of membrane chemistry and composition on insertion dynamics and membrane restructuring.
Another line of reasoning is that oligomerisation favors a better "chance" of successful receptor binding and subsequent insertion of the fusion peptide into the host membrane.
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