Mutants spanning important residues in the DNA binding domain and fusion with other DNA binding domains have been generated [ 25].
The GP of EBOV is composed of a trimer of disulfide-bonded GP1/GP2 heterodimers, which mediates receptor (s) binding, internalization, penetration and fusion with host-membranes (Takada et al., 1997; Wool-Lewis and Bates, 1998; Lee et al., 2008).
Here, we examined whether infectious and AT-2 HIV-1, with functional binding and fusion abilities, can serve as efficient sources of antigen for DCs to prime HIV-specific T cells from naïve cells in vitro.
SLY1 and sly1E138K were cloned into EcoRI/BamHI-cleaved pGADT7 (yeast two-hybrid system GAL4 DNA-activation domain fusion vector; Clontech) and pBridge multiple cloning site I (GAL4 DNA-binding domain fusion) with and without GID1A in cloning site II.
In vitro incubation of anti-SAMP antibodies significantly suppressed the binding and the fusion of capacitated human spermatozoa with zona-free hamster eggs in comparison to preimmune serum.
Non-specific MPT binding to or fusion with target cell membranes was ruled out since MPT did not bind CD3+ cells, i.e., lymphocytes (Fig. 2B).
The BteA gene (NCBI accession: NP_879352) was amplified by PCR from B. pertussis Tohama DNA using BteA-F and BteA-R primers, and cloned into the XmnI/HindIII sites of pMal-c2X (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA) to generate a maltose binding protein (MBP) fusion with BteA.
E1 and E2 are essential for entry, binding to receptors and inducing fusion with the host-cell membrane as well as in viral particle assembly [12].
In retroviruses, receptor binding itself can trigger fusion, with temperature and redox conditions also influencing the fusion mechanism [13], [14].
These versatile properties of aaRSs are the outcome of their differential cellular localization, nucleic acid binding properties, protein-protein interactions and collaboration (fusion) with additional domains.
