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We focused on two mutants, K956D/D1235K and R957D/D1223R, with attenuated binding affinity compared with the wild-type proteins.
Of particular interest were the analogue SM-5 (KD = 9.48 nmol/L for Bcl-2) and SM-6 (KD = 0.08 nmol/L for Bcl-xL), which exhibited improved binding affinity compared with the lead Bim (KD = 16.90 nmol/L for Bcl-2 and 22.2 nmol/L for Bcl-xL, respectively).
And the mutant A216T showed a relatively decreased binding affinity compared with the wild-type PML-RARA.
We demonstrated that the 1st non-canonical EF-hand of NOX5 has very weak Ca2+ binding affinity compared with the 2nd canonical EF-hand.
The results showed Kd values of 1.4 × 10−7 mol/L and 5.3 × 10−7 mol/L for YfiBL43P and YfiBL43P/F57A, respectively, revealing that the YfiBL43P/F57A mutant caused a 3.8-fold reduction in the binding affinity compared with the YfiBL43P mutant (Fig. 6F and 6G).
Multimeric RGD peptides, such as 64Cu-labeled RGD dimer and tetramer, were shown to possess not only higher integrin binding affinity compared with the corresponding monomer but also prolonged tumor retention and increased renal excretion in tumor-bearing mice, which were possibly attributed to a polyvalency effect [9, 10].
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Overall, this selection strategy yielded three crossreactive antibodies that occurred at lower frequency within the total selected variant pool and had weaker binding affinities compared with the mono- and bi-specific antibodies.
As shown in Figure 5(B), the phosphorylation-mimic mutants T115E and T425E exhibited decreased ATP-binding affinity compared with the non-phosphorylation mimics T115A and T425A.
The importance of the P2 subsite for selectivity was further emphasized by the additive effect observed in YR/FE constituting a 250-fold decrease in 33RE-binding affinity compared with wild-type, similar to that seen previously for RXP407 [ 35].
The results showed that the methylene blue derivatives 6a c were able to bind to the c-myc G-quadruplex with greater binding affinity compared to the known G-quadruplex binding ligand, crystal violet.
Previous work demonstrated that the Bak 72 87) peptide also binds to the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, albeit with lower binding affinity compared to Bcl-xL.
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