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Indeed they were also used to benchmark the predictive value of the footprintDB approach for recognizing putative binding TFs with different parameter settings.
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For logic AND, OR and XOR gates, the transcriptional behaviors are regulated by two activator TFs with different binding sites.
To investigate this issue, we searched for TFs which were overrepresented among TFBS gains in S. cerevisiae and/or losses in S. paradoxus, because we expected TFs with different DNA binding specificity between S. cerevisiae and S. paradoxus predominantly to fall into this category.
To validate the protein microarray results, we selected 11 TFs with different mCpG-dependent DNA-binding behaviors (i.e., sequence-dependent or -independent).
TFs with similar motifs often recognize target genes with similar expression patterns [ 10], and TFs with different motifs may directly influence different TF function [ 11], and TFs influence pathways initiated by specific DNA-binding motifs [ 34].
TFs bind to a broad spectrum of binding sites with different affinity and change targets widely among species.
Two paralogous TFs having similar DNA binding domains but with different interaction domains may result in one TF acting as a suppressor of its paralog by interfering with the sibling's binding; for example, Foxo1 and Foxa2 have highly similar DNA binding specificities but Foxo1 acts as a suppressor of Foxa2-mediated regulation of Pdx1 in pancreatic β-cells[15].
In general, DNA methylation did not inhibit the binding of TFs from different families.
In our study, we assume that TFBSs for TFs with single-strand binding preference occur preferentially in regions with low DNA duplex stability, and the other way around for double-strand binding TFs.
This is again consistent with results shown in Figure 3(a), where DNA stability energies of single-strand binding TFs provide much better discrimination than those of double-strand binding TFs.
In fact, there exist both strong and weak binding of TFs with their targets.
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