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For this laboratory study, the crumb rubber modified (CRM) and control binders were aged using an oven aging method.
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The binders were aged by pressure aging vessel (PAV), situ thermal aging and ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
All binders were aged by rolling thin film oven test (RTFOT), pressure aging vessel (PAV) and ultraviolet (UV) aging.
All binders were aged by thin film oven test (TFOT), pressure aging vessel (PAV) and ultraviolet radiation (UV) aging.
The properties of these aged binders were evaluated using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) test procedures.
The chemical and rheological properties of the rejuvenated severely aged binders were evaluated using high-performance gel permeation chromatography and a dynamic shear rheometer.
In the second step, the strong binders were shortlisted using the HYDE scoring function [ 59].
Binders were finally enriched using one additional standard selection round.
Short-term oxidative aging of the binders was simulated using a rolling thin film oven while long-term aging was performed using a pressure aging vessel.
The default thresholds for binding level affinity (IC50 < 500 nM for weak binders and IC50 < 50 nM for strong binders) were used for binding prediction.
Phosphate binders were used by 90% of patients and 82% of these medications were calcium based.
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