Considering that this deletion mutant exhibits IRE-binding activity in vitro with a ferritin IRE-probe (Figs. 4 and 5), we speculate that it may bind with reduced affinity to TfR1 IREs in vivo.
At the molecular level HLA-A*26 belongs to the HLA-A molecules that bind with reduced affinity to the inhibitory leucocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILR) B1 on myeloid cells, including dendritic cells, as well as on other different immune cells that are involved in innate immunity and inflammation [ 20, 21].
Catalytic core domains lacking CBM have been shown to bind on cellulose with reduced affinity compared to their native proteins at low (1 to 10 g/l) substrate concentrations [ 12- 14].
Finally, using co-immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated that Ptch1 specifically binds either Smurf1 or Smurf2, and Ptch1 mutants lacking either PY-1 or PY-2 motif can still bind Smurfs, albeit with reduced affinity; however, Δ2PY completely lacks affinity for either Smurf1 or Smurf2.
It binds EGFR homodimers with reduced affinity, a feature that enhances signalling by attenuating receptor inactivation (Tzahar et al., 1998).
In the absence of these genomic instructions, nucleosomes will still be able to bind to the DNA, but with reduced affinity, and hence with both a reduced likelihood to occupy the particular region and an increased susceptibility towards shifting positions.
A break very close to one end or the other of the target site may create a target that still binds to the probe, though with reduced affinity; a break closer to the middle of the target site may produce fragments that bind partially to the probe, competing for binding with perfect matches.
Additionally, we determined that E194 efficiently binds human IFNα and β but with reduced affinity in the case of mouse IFNβ (Supplementary Figure 1), as described for B1815 and coincident with previous data using supernatants from ECTV infected cells18.
Polypeptide sub-domains involved in IgE binding have also been defined, showing that loop C′ E connected to loop B C, but also the isolated loop B C alone suffice to bind immunoglobulins E with high selectively though with reduced affinity compared to IgE-Trap.
Since we've found that the Elba factor can bind to variants of the Elba sequence, albeit with reduced affinity, we would have expected that the homodimers would exhibit at least some evidence of DNA binding activity.
The DARPins selected to bind to GFP also bind to the closely related sfGFP, eGFP and eYFP (96, 99 and 97% sequence identity, respectively; Fig. 1A and supplementary material Fig. S1), albeit with reduced affinity to sfGFP (Table 1), expanding their range of uses.
