ECM VN is present as an active multimeric form that binds to various ligands, such as integrins, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and urokinase receptors.
It binds to various ligands exposed on damaged tissues or bacteria, promoting phagocytosis and complement activation [ 92, 93] and has long been used as an inflammatory biomarker [ 94].
The heterodimer αV β3 integrin that binds to various ligands including vitronectin and fibronectin was strongly reduced in c-FOS-overexpressing SKOV3 clones, whereas its β3 subunit itself was only weakly downregulated in both cell lines (data not shown).
This dimerises with all members of the family, when they bind to various cognate ligands.
PfEMP1 are inserted into the infected erythrocyte (IE) surface where they bind to various host ligands resulting in IE sequestration in different body tissues [ 2].
Although 11 ligands are known to bind to various HER family members, none of these ligands binds directly to the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2).
Finally, unlike intact VAR2CSA, both DBL3X and DBL6ɛ bind to various carbohydrates, with greatest affinity for ligands with high sulfation and negative charge.
The Wnt genes encode secreted glycoprotein ligands that bind to various transmembrane receptors thereby triggering intracellular cascades, including the β-catenin pathway, to regulate transcription in target cells [ 2].
Typically, extrinsic apoptosis is initiated when ligands such as FAS/CD95 ligand (FASL/CD95L), tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) or TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) bind to various transmembrane death receptors, namely FAS/CD95, TNFα receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TRAIL receptor (TRAILR 1 2, respectively [ 27].
Importantly, because the complex of BMPR-IAEC bound to GDF-5 representedenthe the first structure of BMPR-IAEC bound to a BMP ligand other than BMP-2, we were able to compare the influence of different ligands on the structure of BMPR-IA and analyze whether the promiscuous binding of BMP receptors to various ligands is due to structural plasticity in their binding site.
