Wnts bind to their cell surface receptors Fz and LRP6 to activate the canonical Wnt signaling pathway.
Once secreted from the cell, Type I IFNs bind to their cell surface receptor complex (INFAR) leading to the activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway.
Interestingly, AGEs may bind to their cell surface receptor, RAGE, initiating a cascade of signals influencing cell cycle and proliferation, gene expression, inflammation and extracellular matrix synthesis (reviewed in Bierhaus et al).
Even very low resolution density maps obtained with negatively stained specimens can be used for docking, as was done, for example, for complexes of ligands bound to their cell surface receptors (e. g., refs (91) and (92)).
Both soluble and full-length TRAIL bind to their cognate cell surface receptors in the target cell to engage the apoptotic pathway (Ashkinazi et al, 1999) although the two TRAIL variants have been reported to possess different apoptosis-inducing capacities in cancer cells suggesting currently unresolved differences in their mechanism of action (Voelkel-Johnson et al, 2002; Seol et al, 2003).
The extrinsic pathway is triggered when death ligands (for example, FasL, TNFα, AproL, and TRAIL) bind to their respective cell surface death receptors (Fas, TNFR1, DR3, DR4, and DR5).
Noroviruses bind to their host cells through histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), and compounds that interfere with this interaction have therapeutic or diagnostic potential.
The cytokines synthesized by cancer cells are released to culture medium and then bind to their receptors on the cell surface of cancer cells, leading to cell growth arrest and apoptosis via an autocrine pathway [ 22].
These suggest that rtxA1 and rtxA2 have evolved much faster than tolC, rtxD and rtxB, so that the toxins can bind to their corresponding host cells more efficiently.
Wnt proteins are thought to bind to their receptors on the cell surfaces of neighboring cells.
Although further work is required to ascertain the mechanism involved, the suppression of YB-1 expression could indirectly increase the levels of these inhibitors in the cells, allowing them to bind to their target and reduce cell growth.
