Moreover, GLI1 and GLI2 downstream transcription factors of HH-GLI Signaling were able to bind to the proximal promoter of SOX2 in primary melanoma cells in chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) studies and therefore SOX2 is regulated by HH signaling [50].
Sox6 was shown to bind to the proximal promoter of the embryonic epsilon-globin gene and to interact with Bcl11a to repress epsilon-globin gene expression [31], [32].
ChIP assays revealed that ETS-1, CREB, AP-2α or SP-1 all bind to the proximal promoter of PP2A-Aα.
At the molecular level, SAM68 was observed to bind to the proximal region of intron 4 and to interfere with the recruitment of the U1 snRNP, in this way promoting intron 4 retention, (B)) [ 74].
Indeed, both proteins can bind to the proximal promoter region (region Cp), recruit the same set of factors and induce histone acetylation in the same region M. Other RNA Pol II transcription factors like Runx2, MyoD, Myogenin and C/EBPβ interact with rRNA genes, yet repress rRNA synthesis during differentiation (Grandori et al, 2005; Young et al, 2007; Ali et al, 2008).
It was recently shown that mPGES-1 expression in response to various stimuli is regulated by a transcription factor, early growth response factor-1 [ 45], which was reported to bind to the proximal GC box in the mPGES-1 gene promoter.
Lrp binds to the proximal binding sites more tightly than to the distal sites, and the switching from phase-OFF to phase-ON requires a local co-regulator, PapI.
ChIP assays revealed that HIF-2α binds to the proximal site among the three HIF-2α binding sites (CGTG) in the mouse Nampt promoter (figure 1B).
DsrA is a sRNA associated with cold shock rather than oxidative stress, and binds to the proximal site of Hfq while A18 represents a distal site binding RNA [28].
For Star and Cyp11b1, the different levels of expression correlated with the amount of residual SF-1 bound to the proximal promoter regions.
The knockdown of SF-1 did not affect the accumulation of Cyp11a1 transcripts even though the amount of SF-1 bound to the proximal promoter of the gene was reduced to background levels.
