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In similar fashion, proteins that have to bind to positively charged molecules have surfaces rich with negatively charged amino acids like glutamate and aspartate, while proteins binding to negatively charged molecules have surfaces rich with positively charged chains like lysine and arginine.
Molecular-docking simulations suggested that these sulfate clusters bind to positively charged, clamp-like regions on elastase that span the active site [48].
Among the anions that occur in PDB more than 100 times, 743 SO42− (743/948 = 78.5%) and 109 PO43− (109/148 = 73.6%) bind to positively charged residues, while some other anions less frequently bind with the charged residues.
Purification methods based on the fact that the large anion, DNA, can efficiently bind to positively charged resins provide high yield, however there is often contamination with genomic DNA.
Heparin is highly negatively charged and was recently shown to bind to positively charged histones reducing their cytotoxic effect [ 22].
Heparin has negatively charged sulphate groups that bind to positively charged groups on antithrombin III, thus exerting an anticoagulant effect.
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The negative pole of the dipolar water molecule binds to positively charged groups; the positive pole binds negatively charged ones.
It was suggested that salt's cation bound to positively charged lysozyme molecule with its hydrophobic group and at the same time cation's positive charge stabilised lysozyme secondary structure.
The AuCl4 anion binds to positively charged functional groups, such as amino groups (NH2), on the algal surface.
Thus, ABCB1 preferentially binds to positively charged, amphipathic molecules and this suggests the involvement of acidic residues such as Asp and Glu in drug binding.
Negatively charged heparin binds to positively charged histones in the nucleosome complex and opens their architecture [ 88].
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