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Recent studies of the c-kit promoter showed that Sp1 protein can bind to its sequence folded into a G-quadruplex.
Specifically, the chromatin must be sufficiently accessible to allow the TF to scan and bind to its sequence motif [ 3- 5]—a process that is influenced both by high level chromatin structure and local nucleosome positioning [ 5, 6].
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We attempt to approximate its sequencing preference by the binding affinity estimated from applying PDNN on the nucleotide sequences nearby, which represents how strong a single-stranded DNA sequence can bind to its template sequence.
In line with this view, the crystal structure of TALE also suggests that thymine is necessary for its recognition and binding to DNA, although few reports showed TALE could still bind to its target sequence without the thymine [ 23].
Since these sequences contain CpG dinucleotides, they are potential targets for DNA methylation, and, in fact, it has been demonstrated that E2's ability to bind to its cognate sequence is inhibited by methylation.
Briefly, for an oligonucleotide to tightly bind to its complementary sequence, the duplex free energy should be low and the magnitude of the cost of opening the target structure should also be minimized.
In that system, a transcription factor, the TetR protein from Escherichia coli, can bind to its operator sequence depending on the presence or absence of tetracycline or derivative compounds such as anhydrotetracycline or doxycycline.
In the past it has been shown that p53 can bind to its consensus sequences and recruit the yeast transcription machinery to start expression of downstream genes [9] [11], a process that can be inhibited by co-expression with Mdm2 [4].
At the same time, it is a key factor for the success of PCR amplification that the primers could bind to its target sequences or not at the period of annealing.
As reported before, AG protein is able to bind to its own intron sequence for autoregulation [ 7].
To further explore whether active NF-κB can bind to its target DNA sequence and activate gene transcription in response to CCN2 stimulation, NF-κB DNA binding activity was determined by EMSA following incubation of HSC nuclear protein extracts with P-labeled NF-κB oligomers containing NF-κB/CBF1 binding sites.
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