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However, under hypoxic conditions, HIF-1α or 2α heterodimerize with ARNT forming HIF-1 and HIF-2, which bind to hypoxic response elements (HREs) within the promoters of target genes to promote transcription [37], [38].
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As a heterodimer, it binds to hypoxic response elements on target genes, which include angiogenic and mitogenic factors, such as AM, vascular endothelial growth factor, connective tissue growth factor, and IL-8 (51– 54).
HIF-1α, as an oxygen sensitive subunit, is induced under hypoxic conditions, and then translocated to the nucleus where it heterodimerizes with HIF-1β subunits to form active HIF-1 protein that binds to specific hypoxic response elements present in target gene promoters, ultimately activating transcription of these genes.
Hypoxia induces the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), which binds to the hypoxic response element.
There, it heterodimerizes with HIF-1β and binds to the hypoxic response elements of target gene regulatory sequences.
Thus, many mechanisms have been suggested to contribute to the hypoxic response in coronary arteries.
Rius, J. et al. NF-κB links innate immunity to the hypoxic response through transcriptional regulation of HIF-1α.
mRNA expression of TGFBR2 under hypoxia/TGFß was lower compared to the hypoxic response.
Under hypoxic conditions, HIF-1α accumulates leading to its stabilization and it partners with HIF-1β to bind to the HIF response elements on its target genes to turn on transcription of genes important to vasculogenesis, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), erythropoietin (EPO), stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF1), leptin, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) [ 11, 18].
One of the key mediators in hypoxia-induced angiogenesis is hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1), which is induced in hypoxic cells and binds to hypoxia response element (HRE).
(6) H2S acts upon effector mechanisms known to mediate hypoxic responses.
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