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AIEC have type one pili and flagella that can bind to host adhesion receptor carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6) [ 74].
Red blood cells (RBCs) infected with P. falciparum express parasite-derived molecules on the surface, which bind to host adhesion molecules expressed on vascular endothelial cells, leading to sequestration of infected RBCs in capillaries and microvessels.
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These proteins act as adhesion proteins and bind to host extracellular matrix (ECM) [ 53, 57] or human factor H [ 56]. (Table 5, 6 and Table in the Additional file 6).
This finding suggests that FN is not the only bacterial adhesion ligand contributing to the MAP ability to bind to host cells.
LL-37 binds to host DNA [16].
Borreliae are obligatorily bound to host organisms for survival.
These plasmids carry a tight adhesion locus (Tad) that may enhance binding to host cell surfaces.
Extrapolating from the in vitro assay, EGCG might in vivo not only bind to sporozoite adhesion proteins on the surface of the parasites but also to receptors on the host cell or proteins within the tissue.
Microorganisms which bind to the host cell targets promoting host responses cause these diseases [1, 2].
These included members of the protocadherin family and genes whose products bind to cell adhesion related protein complexes [61], [62].
If cells are however incubated at high concentrations of supernatants after washing (pre- plus post-incubation with supernatants), components of supernatants will still bind to the host cell surface in high concentrations and affect Salmonella adhesion.
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