Under normal non-stress conditions, FOXC1 binds to elements within the upstream regions of HSPA6 and significantly increases HSPA6 RNA expression.
In the case of PPARβ/δ [25], as with other PPARs, the genomic pathway is thought to involve binding to retinoid X receptor (RXR) and the formation of heterodimers which then bind to response elements of target genes.
Androgen effects are classically exerted through binding of the hormone to intracellular specific receptors [ 18, 19], which consequently dimerize, translocate to the nucleus and bind to specific elements of DNA, affecting thus the transcription of androgen-responsive genes [ 14].
As the R3 single repeat MYB inhibitors lack a transcriptional activation region they could bind to promoter elements of the activators thereby preventing the transcription of the activators.
This mutation leads to the destruction of the guanosine triphosphate-binding site and results in a catalytically inactive enzyme that can nevertheless bind to downstream elements of the signalling pathway.
This model thus suggests that one or two actin monomers might be able to bind to bridge elements of the autoinhibited protein (see also below).
Upon exposure to stimuli such as TNF- α, I κB proteins are phosphorylated and degraded, allowing NF- κB proteins to enter the nucleus and bind to κB elements of target gene promoters.
Upon stress or hormonal signalling, various transcription factors, among them p53 and the estrogen receptor ER-α [ 9] bind to response elements of the MDM2 gene promoter in the first intron.
In cells with iron deficiency, IRP1 can bind to IRE element of ferritin mRNA, enhancing iron uptake and decreasing iron sequestration (Rouault, 2006).
However, if HvHOX2 and VRS1 still share the same target DNA sequence and retain the same level of affinity, it is possible that VRS1 competes with HvHOX2 to bind to cis-elements of downstream genes.
