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The kits use antibodies that search out and bind to anthrax proteins, signaling a positive identification.
Evidence also indicates that some antibodies bind to anthrax spore proteins and prevent their germination, suggesting a role for antibody in interfering with the early stages of infection (12).
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Protective antigen (PA) is a secreted virulence factor of Bacillus anthracis that binds to anthrax toxin receptors on mammalian cells and subsequently causes cell dysfunction and death [ 118].
During cellular intoxication, PA binds to the anthrax receptors expressed on the host cell surface and then is cleaved by a furin-like protease.
Dr. Lieber said that in a year or two the nanowire transistors could be used as biological sensors by adding sites for specific molecules -- say a piece of anthrax -- to bind to the nanowires.
Integrated has developed prototypes of a portable system that quickly identifies biological agents like anthrax when they bind to fragments of DNA it mounts on a microchip.
CMG2 enables the anthrax toxin to bind to cells, be internalized and reach the cytosol where it exerts its toxic function (van der Goot & Young, 2009).
Both 83 kD and 63 kD forms of PA (PA83 and PA63) can bind to either of two cellular receptors, ANTXR1 (anthrax toxin receptor 1/tumor endothelial marker 8; ATR/TEM8) or ANTXR2 (anthrax toxin receptor 2/capillary morphogenesis factor 2 CMG2) [6], [6].
One end of each probe was designed to bind to the free end of the target anthrax DNA; the other end carried a tiny gold particle.
If a piece of anthrax DNA is present, it will bind to two probes on the chip, completing a circuit so electricity will flow to mark its presence.
For example, anthrax lethal toxin, ricin and cholera toxin bind to a cell surface receptor and make use of cellular membrane trafficking to enter the cell [ 21, 22].
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