Second, APP can also directly bind to agrin, albeit at lower affinity than LRP4.
When the antibody is mono-specific to one defined and unique epitope, one has to take into account that such an antibody will still bind to similar epitopes albeit at lower affinity.
Tachykinins are believed to exert their actions via the 3 tachykinin receptors that have been cloned and characterized: NK1, NK2, and NK3, which bind preferentially to SP, NKA, and NKB, respectively, although each of these peptides is able to bind each of the receptors, albeit at lower affinity.
Follistatin has the advantage that it is an endogenous protein; however, given its potential to bind other members of the TGF-β superfamily, albeit at lower affinity, this issue requires further investigation.
Initial results showed αS to bind 5 10 molecules of copper [7], [8] while a later study showed αS to bind copper at two high affinity sites with more copper able to bind at other lower affinity sites [4].
The MCPs used as immunogens were constructed using sequences from Clade B isolates, and while the elicited antisera bind most avidly to gp120 of clade B viruses, they also bind at a lower affinity to rgp120 from other clades (Table 4).
We have further suggested that these additional capsomers bind at a lower affinity than the nucleation center, allowing their rearrangement around the minichromosome, as required for capsid geometry.
Blon_2177 also bound other type 1 polymers, such as LNT, LNH, lacto-N-octaose (LNO), all abundant structures in HMO [32], as well as other mammalian carbohydrates such as asialo GM1 [33], the putative receptor for the Clostridium difficile toxin TcdA [34], and sialyl-LNT [35], albeit the latter structures were bound at a lower affinity (Figure 1).
Strikingly, 45% of the peaks (62/138) contain a chCaRE sequence that we predict would bind with high affinity to CaRF, while an additional 19.5% (27/138) have sequences that we predict would bind with lower affinity.
