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As only heterotrimeric Gαβγ, but not monomeric Gα proteins can efficiently bind and be activated by their cognate GPCRs [4], [34], overexpression of Gαo abrogates the rickets-Gs signaling.
Recently published data suggest that purified FSAP can bind and be activated by negatively charged polyanions such as heparin, polyphosphates, RNA and DNA [ 11, 13- 15].
This suggests that D112, D195 and E196 of CXCR3 are required to bind and be activated by CXCL10, resulting in productive signalling, as measured by chemotaxis.
Expression and pharmacological characterization showed that the lamprey MCa receptor was able to bind and be activated by both lamprey and human MSH peptides.
Atlantic tomcod (Microgadus tomcod) inhabiting the PCB-contaminated Hudson River were nearly monomorphic for an AHR2 variant with reduced capacity to bind and be activated by halogenated AHR ligands such as TCDD or PCB-126 [ 64].
Although the functions of vitamin D in basal vertebrates are not well understood, the ability to bind and be activated by vitamin D ligands has been conserved across vertebrates.
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It can bind to, and be activated by, the nuclear envelope protein emerin [ 16], which regulates expression and localization of muscle transcription factors during myogenesis [ 17].
Importantly, the above AMOT-mediated Hippo signaling activation circuit can be effectively inhibited by phosphorylation of Merlin at Ser518, as pS518-Merlin can no longer bind to and be activated by AMOT.
ICD is efficiently induced by near-infrared photo-immunotherapy (NIR-PIT) that selectively kills target-cells on which antibody-photoabsorber conjugates bind and are activated by NIR light exposure.
Members of class 2 G-protein coupled receptors (a.k.a family B GPCRs), bind and are activated by the secretin family members (family B1 members or secretin family GPCRs) and specific peptide-receptor pairs have been identified in representatives of different vertebrate classes.
Gcn2 binds and is activated by uncharged tRNAs that accumulate when cells are starved for an amino acid (detailed below).
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