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Calcium-bound CaM (Ca2+/CaM) can bind and activate a series of kinases in order to mediate the effects of Ca2+ [6 8].
The Gal4 reporter system is based on the ability of GAL4-Elk1 fusion protein to specifically bind and activate a Gal4 driven luciferase gene [14], [15].
Similar to related eicosanoids, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-EET and their CYP4A hydroxylase metabolites can bind and activate a PPARα reporter gene [5], and 8,9-, 11,12- and 14,15-EETs 14,15-EETsonally acanvate both PPARα [6] and PPARγ [7], [8] in vitro.
Finally, AGEs are able to bind and activate a range of receptors, which then trigger a downstream cascade of pathogenic mediators.
Note that we cannot exclude that Wnt ligands produced by a given cell in a culture dish can bind and activate a FZD/LRP receptor present on a neighboring cell, a type of signaling that could be described as paracrine.
Biophysical and biochemical studies presented here indicate that a substantial number of GPCRs may directly bind and activate a major actin cross-linking protein, Filamin A (FLNa), and that the binding triggers filamin phosphorylation by cellular protein kinases.
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ATF4 is also known to directly bind and activate an ATF site upstream of the GADD34 promoter (Ma and Hendershot, 2003).
In particular, inside cells, viral RNA can bind to and activate a protein called RIG-I.
Chemokines belong to a superfamily of small proteins that bind to and activate a family of chemokine receptors.
Chemokines are structurally related, small-polypeptide signalling molecules that bind to and activate a family of G-protein-coupled receptors.
Chemokines are structurally related, small (8 14 kDa) polypeptide signaling molecules, which bind to and activate a family of seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors, the chemokine receptors (17, 18).
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