The most widely studied of these receptors is TAAR1, which has been shown to bind a wide spectrum of biogenic amines and psychoactive compounds [ 2, 3] (Additional file 1) and is a known modulator of monoaminergic activity [ 4].
However, Pin1 also functions in a variety of other pathways and has been shown to bind a wide spectrum of target proteins, including p53, β-catenin, NF-κB, tau, and β-APP among others (Lu et al. 1999; Pastorino et al. 2006; Ryo et al. 2001, 2003; Zheng et al. 2002).
Using in vitro assays, only loose substrate-binding specificity was found among different LTP family members; LTPs analyzed in detail bound a wide spectrum of lipidic ligands, from C10 to C18 [ 25, 26].
It binds a wide spectrum of structurally and functionally different ligands (Birn, 2006; Gliemann, 1998; Herz and Strickland, 2001), including vitamins, carrier proteins, lipoproteins, enzymes, hormones, and others (reviewed in (Birn, 2006; Willnow and Nykjaer, 2010)).
Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) is expressed on virtually all human cells and binds a wide spectrum of exogenous (including bacterial lipopolysaccharide - LPS) and endogenous (heat shock protein, angiotensin II) ligands.
Pg uses its LBS to bind to a wide spectrum of cell-surface receptors whereas binding through its sialic acid residues is limited only to receptor proteins containing cationic pockets or lectin-like modules.
This result indicates that RIN could bind to a wide spectrum of CArG-box sequences although in vitro RIN shows lower preference for the atypical motifs than for the typical CArG boxes.
This may be due to the molecular complexity of p63, which has both transactivating and transcriptional repressor activities that bind over 5800 target sites to regulate a wide spectrum of target genes.
PPARα and RXRα heterodimerize and subsequently bind to PPAR response elements in the promoters of the target genes inducing a wide spectrum of metabolic effects [ 31].
GATA2 bound to a wider spectrum of sequences in vivo than anticipated, binding to a range of GATA repeats and palindromes previously hinted at by some in vitro studies (Badis et al., 2009; Trainor et al., 2000), and challenging the current view of uniformity of GATA factor DNA sequence recognition.
This result indicates that in vivo RIN binds to a wider spectrum of CArG-box sequences within the genome than previously expected based on in vitro assay.
