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After the amplified fragments were digested with Xba I and Xho I, they were inserted into the pGA3780 binary vector between the rice actin promoter (Pact) and the nopaline synthase terminator (nos T) (Lee et al. [1999]; Kim et al. [2009]).
Each amplified fragment was digested with Xba I/ACC III or ACC III/Xho I. Afterward, the digested fragments were inserted into the pGA3780 binary vector between the rice Pact and nos T. Similarly, a miR172-resistant form of OsIDS1 (rOsIDS1) was produced using the primer sets of rOsIDS1-N-F/rOsIDS1-N-R and rOsIDS1-C-F/rOsIDS1-C-R (Additional file 2: Table S1).
The PCR product was digested with Xba I and Sac I, and inserted into the Xba I and Sac I sites of the pBI121 binary vector between the CaMV35S promoter and the nopaline synthase terminator [49].
Each of the CtFAD2 ORFs was cloned in sense orientation into a modified pORE04 binary vector between the double CaMV-35S promoter and an Agrobacterium tumefaciens NOS terminator containing polyadenylation signal sequence [ 74].
The engineered constructs consisted of PCR-amplified complementary DNAs derived from the ToTV RNA1 and RNA2 components, individually inserted into an engineered pGreen binary vector between the CaMV 35S promoter and nopaline synthase terminator.
The native VvMyb5b R and VvMYB5b L full length cDNAs were then cloned between the XbaI/ SacI restriction sites of the pGiBin19 binary vector between the 35S promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus and the nopaline synthase (nos) poly(A) addition site, as described in [ 21].
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The PCR product was directionally inserted into the XhoI and KpnI sites of a pMSIsGFP binary vector between a cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and a nopaline synthase (NOS) terminator to construct the overexpression vector pOEB5.
After subcloning into the pCR4-TOPO vector, AtHb1 was introduced into the modified binary vector pBAR between the LeB4 promoter [ 19] and OCS terminator.
AtEHD2 was cloned in the sense orientation upstream of the GFP gene into the binary vector pBINPLUS [54] between the 35S-Ω promoter containing the translation enhancer signal and the Nos terminator, generating Pro35S AtEHD2-GFP.
The fragments were ligated into the pBinPlus binary vector [32] between the right and left border of the T-DNA.
The gene encoding green fluorescence protein on the binary vector served as the marker to differentiate between ectopic insertion and correct gene replacement.
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