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Different from models 1, 2, and 3, all binary variables were converted into continuous variables.
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The non-categorical variables were converted into binary variables and weighted.
Third, all the continuous variables were converted to binary variables with a cut-off point of the Youden index.
Nominal variables were converted into binary format unless dates were used as an input value.
To improve clinical utility, before entering into the multivariate analysis, significant continuous variables were converted into binary variables by using the overall median value as the cutoff.
All categorical variables were converted into binary categories and then fitted into a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) model [ 17].
To estimate risk factors for recurrence and survival by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, continuous variables were converted into binary.
In order to make ORs interpretable for multilevel discrete variables, these variables were converted to binary (two-level) form prior to analysis.
Other continuous variables were converted to binary variables using the following cutoffs: age <65 vs ⩾65 years, RMH score 0 1 vs 2 3, albumin <35 vs ⩾35 g l−1, LDH ⩽upper limit of normal vs >upper limit of normal, absolute neutrophil count ⩽5 × 10 l−1 vs >5 × 10 l−1, and absolute lymphocyte count <0.7 × 10 l−1 vs ⩾0.7 × 10 l−10
The qualitative variables were converted or expanded as needed into dummy variables to allow binary coding ('married' versus 'not married', 'high grade' versus 'not high grade', for example, and so on).
So, the outcome variables were converted into dichotomous variables.
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