To deal with the non-normal distribution of the data, the percentages were classified into two binary variables, indicating whether or not the disease occurred and whether or not the yield loss was severe.
Other variables considered in the empirical analysis include two binary variables indicating whether an individual responded positively to questions about the future conditions of the economy of their country and city (defined as "Economy gets better" and "City gets better")2.
Similarly, ( {varphi^{prime}}_{ell, e}^{f,{j}_t} ), ( {varphi}_{ell, e}^{f,{j}_t} ) are binary variables indicating whether f'th type t server on rack e in PoD ℓ is active and has pattern j t during the current and next slots respectively.
The TAG variables relating to severity were not normally distributed in their initial form and were converted into binary variables indicating whether or not a risk of at least moderate severity was present.
From the previous steps, we obtained cs (the number of occurrences of the sig-mer s in the RNA-Seq data), y s, t (binary variables indicating whether the sig-mer s is contained in the sequence of transcript t) and bt (the number of sig-mers that are contained by transcript t).
For each species, we define discrete variables pertaining to the following features of the evolutionary history : the parent label of each protein, binary variables indicating whether each protein is valid, whether each protein is newly created, whether each domain-protein or protein-reaction edge is present or absent.
Binary variables indicate whether a block should be activated, i.e. one of the available setup families should be assigned to it, or the block should be kept idle.
Separate binary variables indicated whether annual exposure exceeded a series of potential limits.
All models include year and state fixed effects as well as educational attainment indicators, a binary variable indicating whether the woman works or not and a unmarried dummy variable.
GALMA represents an additional binary variable, indicating whether the financial statement applies the German Accounting Law Modernization Act.
