To deal with the non-normal distribution of the data, the percentages were classified into two binary variables, indicating whether or not the disease occurred and whether or not the yield loss was severe.
Other variables considered in the empirical analysis include two binary variables indicating whether an individual responded positively to questions about the future conditions of the economy of their country and city (defined as "Economy gets better" and "City gets better")2.
Similarly, ( {varphi^{prime}}_{ell, e}^{f,{j}_t} ), ( {varphi}_{ell, e}^{f,{j}_t} ) are binary variables indicating whether f'th type t server on rack e in PoD ℓ is active and has pattern j t during the current and next slots respectively.
Separate binary variables indicated whether annual exposure exceeded a series of potential limits.
The TAG variables relating to severity were not normally distributed in their initial form and were converted into binary variables indicating whether or not a risk of at least moderate severity was present.
For each species, we define discrete variables pertaining to the following features of the evolutionary history : the parent label of each protein, binary variables indicating whether each protein is valid, whether each protein is newly created, whether each domain-protein or protein-reaction edge is present or absent.
From the previous steps, we obtained cs (the number of occurrences of the sig-mer s in the RNA-Seq data), y s, t (binary variables indicating whether the sig-mer s is contained in the sequence of transcript t) and bt (the number of sig-mers that are contained by transcript t).
The third domain was assessed with binary variables indicating whether the facility: 1) had joint meetings of facility managers and community members, 2) had a procedure for collecting and reporting patient feedback, and 3) had instituted changes based on patient feedback within the previous 3 months.
All models include year and state fixed effects as well as educational attainment indicators, a binary variable indicating whether the woman works or not and a unmarried dummy variable.
The other key health indicator that we use is a binary variable indicating whether the individual had high blood pressure or not.
