Let ({X^{k}_{q}} in {0,1}) be a binary variable that represents whether path k of request q, i.e., ({p^{k}_{q}}), is selected.
ηℓ, e Binary variable that assumes value of one if at least one server on rack e in PoD ℓ is active and otherwise zero.
The PoGo factor is a binary variable that has a value of 0 when the game was not available, and 1 when it was available.
Party sympathizer is a binary variable that takes the value of 1 if the respondent reports currently sympathizing with any political party and 0 otherwise.
Then the relevant economic models to the RO desalination process are developed, which relate the cost of investment and operation with the design variables, the structural variable, as well as the binary variable that determine the membrane regeneration.
In the latter case, (y_{text{hst}}) represents a binary variable that takes the value of one if household (h) receives a positive amount of private transfers or zero otherwise.
Finally, we estimate the empirical model when including a binary variable that takes the value of one for the continuing member countries of EFTA (i.e., Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland) and zero otherwise.
We generated a binary variable that took on the value 1 if subjects reported being familiar with Bayes' rule and/or made the correct Bayesian inference.
Our response variable was a binary variable that reflected whether influenza was detected or undetected at a site.
In the case of binary classification problems, we assume that the output y is a discrete binary variable that has possible outcomes of 'recurrence' and 'non-recurrence'.
The perceived benefits and 'relative importance placed on perceived benefits' were each collapsed into a binary variable that took the value of one if the observed score lay between 3 and 5 but zero otherwise.
