For instance, one could take as null hypothesis a binomial distribution with sampling probability P(Bi|M = 1) = NBj/NM = 1, where M here is a binary variable associated with the fact that a niche-variable model, such as GARP or MaxEnt, says whether the species Bi is present or absent.
The objective function for the optimization is the minimization of ∑ l IRG w l · y l where the w l is the norm of the group and y l is the binary variable associated with that group.
Based on Lee et al. (2000), the following constraint is added to Eq. 2: (3) ∑ r ∈ NZ w r · y r ≤ NZ − 1 where NZ is the groups in the optimal solution, and y r is the binary variable associated with the groups in NZ.
In each MILP, only the binary variables associated with the current group are explicit search variables.
We study structure of the projection polytope of this problem, in the space of binary variables associated with fixed-charges, by relating facets of a p node problem (p= 2,3, or 4), defined over a multi-graph obtained by a p-partition of V, to the facets of the original problem.
Their approach builds on earlier work by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983) and Rosenbaum (1987), who consider the robustness of estimates of the ATET to assumptions with respect to a binary unobserved variable associated with both the treatment and outcome variables.
The NEQ/OCFE modeling framework has been proved particularly efficient in the optimal design of reactive absorption and distillation columns especially those with multiple side feed and product streams mainly due to the elimination of binary decision variables associated with the existence of column stages in any given column section.
A binary variable is associated with each element of R t, N t, S t and B t.
A given metabolic network is described using the groups of dependent reactions where a single binary variable is associated with each group.
We associated to each TCE the previous patient's drug exposures, codifying a binary variable for each compound if that drug was experienced for more than 12 months.
For each candidate SRC-1 peak, we associate a binary variable to indicate if the peak is mapped to one of SRC-1-sensitive genes.
