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Indeed, while Krishnakumar used a binary string of length 30 to map the variables, in the in-house algorithm a real-coded GA was used.
As such, the network topology of 22 nodes is represented as a chromosome i.e. a binary string of length 484.
Such a genotype G can be represented as a binary string of length N, i.e., G = (b1,..., b N ), with each reaction i being either present (b i = 1) or absent (b i = 0).
A simple representation of a metabolic network genotype G uses a binary string of length N, e.g., G = (b1,..., b N ), where N is the number of all enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions that occur in the biosphere; this is illustrated in Figure 1a.
To determine closeness, Euclidean distance is used in the case of continuous variables and Hamming distance for binary data and the former is defined as follows for vectors and of length N: The Hamming distance for a binary string of length N is the number of positions for which the corresponding bits are different, that is, it is the population count (number of ones) in (XOR ).
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In this paper, we derive the number of binary strings which contain, for a given ik, exactly ik runs of 1's of length k in all possible binary strings of length n, 1≤k≤n.
The five risk levels are encoded as Z > Y > X > W > U in binary strings of length five bits using weighted positional representation as shown in Table 4.
If we take a variable-order Markov model of order D=2, its states are labeled with binary strings of length l≤2 (strings are binary since the observation space is binary).
Similar to cryptographic hash functions, robust hash functions for image authentication should satisfy 4 major requirements [10] (where denotes probability, is the hash function, are images, and are hash values, and represents binary strings of length ) as follows.
Biclusters are encoded by binary strings of length N + L. Each of the first N bits of the binary string is related to the genes and the remaining L bits to the conditions.
Our MOEAIF can be summarized as follows: 1. Step 1: Randomly generate N pop (number of individuals in the population) binary strings of length Q as an initial population.
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