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The legal literature suffers from an "indefensible optimism about the actual operation of information markets". Too often we treat reputation as a straightforward, binary process: If you misbehave, your future business opportunities diminish; if you behave well, your future business opportunities flourish.
In each case, the result is tantamount to a simple marginal transposition of the appropriate chance Gaussian distribution to a new mean value μ′ = μ + Nε, where N is sample size, or equivalently to a change in the elemental probability of the basic binary process to p′ = p + ε, where p is the chance value and ε = δ/4.
Consider a binary process with outcome probabilities (p, 1 − p).
When the initial values of the binary process are unknown, they are treated as latent variables.
Let X be the set of all sequences of outcomes of a binary process.
Throughout the focus will be on a simple binary process, which has only two types of outcome O = {0,1}.
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In Section 2 deterministic processes are considered, Section 3 deals with random independent binary processes.
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is thought to occur as cells extravasate into the circulation with the reverse process; mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) necessary for cells to intravasate and subsequently form secondary tumours These are most likely to be dynamic events and not necessarily 'all or nothing' binary processes.
This property was established by Crump and Mode [ 28] for a binary splitting process, and can be extended to the branching process under consideration herein (see below).
The aim of the control system is to maintain the binary distillation process (ethanol-water) in continuous operation even if both sensors or actuator fault occurs.
The operation of forming the sum is called addition, the symbol + being read as "plus". This is the simplest binary operation, where binary refers to the process of combining two objects.
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