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However, placebo responses in clinical studies are reportedly more prominent for continuous and subjective outcomes, compared to binary or objective outcomes [36].
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Since return to competitive athletic activity can be considered a binary and objective outcome, with changes in HRV and reaction testing also being measured objectively, these findings do not appear to be consistent with typical characteristics of the placebo response.
If there are no methods that guarantee objective outcomes or objective criteria against which to assess outcomes, what might "procedural objectivity" consist in?
All other outcomes were transformed to binary or continuous outcomes for data analysis.
Secondary outcomes will be as above for normally distributed measures, or will use binary or proportional odds random effects regression models for binary or ordinal outcomes as appropriate.
More generally, this procedure can be applied not only for survival outcomes, but also for binary or continuous outcomes.
In fact the collection involving binary outcomes contained a high representation of cardiovascular research, and we selected the most objective outcomes (such as all cause mortality or the result of a biological test if reported), but in the collection involving continuous outcomes, several meta-analyses concerned psychological and behavioural research, and most outcomes were subjective.
Longitudinal analyses will be performed using general (interval-scaled outcome) or generalised (binary or ordered categorical outcome) linear mixed models.
With regard to response information, it is important to note whether the outcome was represented as a binary or a continuous outcome.
Then we selected one binary or one continuous outcome, or both if present, corresponding to the previous criteria.
Perceived underutilization may or may not be linked to objective outcome measures.
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