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In order to develop the inventory, two bilingual translators translated the PDPI-R into Japanese.
Firstly, two bilingual translators translated the Chinese versions of the four measures into Vietnamese or Indonesian.
All translations (except the Iranian translation) were performed using translation and back-translation by bilingual translators.
The PHPQoL-v.2 was translated by two professional (bilingual) translators with experience in translating HRQOL questionnaires; in a consensus meeting both translations were compared with each other and with the original Spanish version.
Forward-translation: Two bilingual translators whose native language was Chinese independently translated Skindex-29 and Skindex-16 into Chinese.
In order to assess whether the translated version reflected the same item content as the original version, two other bilingual translators produced back-translations into English, working from the first Dutch translation and blind to the original version.
Two independent professional bilingual translators (English-Sinhala) translated the original scale once.
A validated version in Greek was not found, therefore we followed the procedure of back-translation with bilingual translators to obtain the Greek Version that was then used in this study.
A validated version in Greek was again not found therefore we followed the procedure of back-translation with bilingual translators to obtain the Greek Version that was used in this study.
The version used in this study was translated into Chinese and then back-translated into English by two bilingual translators to ensure the accuracy of translation.
In the third phase, two bilingual translators performed the back-translation where the Polish versions of the questionnaires were translated into the original language.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com