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A bilingual translator translated the original version into French.
Another bilingual translator backward-translated this revised Korean version of the PedsQL 3.0 End Stage Renal Disease Module into English.
Stage I : initial translation; a bilingual translator whose mother tongue is Arabic generated an independent translation in Arabic, referred to as T1.
In the next step, a back-translation from a bilingual translator, blind to the original version, was examined by two independent referees regarding the semantic equivalence and cultural suitability.
This version of the questionnaire was backward translated by a professional, bilingual translator native English speaker.
The quotes used to illustrate our results were translated by a professional bilingual translator.
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In order to develop the inventory, two bilingual translators translated the PDPI-R into Japanese.
Firstly, two bilingual translators translated the Chinese versions of the four measures into Vietnamese or Indonesian.
All translations (except the Iranian translation) were performed using translation and back-translation by bilingual translators.
The PHPQoL-v.2 was translated by two professional (bilingual) translators with experience in translating HRQOL questionnaires; in a consensus meeting both translations were compared with each other and with the original Spanish version.
Forward-translation: Two bilingual translators whose native language was Chinese independently translated Skindex-29 and Skindex-16 into Chinese.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com