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The latter hypothesis would suggest a long period of bilingualism (up to perhaps 500 years), as linguistic interference between languages in contact rarely outlives the bilingual stage.
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Clouds of Sils Maria features Cannes perennial Juliette Binoche as a bilingual star of stage and screen.
To dissociate the processing stage when bilingual and monolingual activation diverged, we engaged all our participants in a range of tasks that differentially tapped processing related to word recognition, word retrieval, and articulation (see Fig. 1).
The breakthrough in his struggle to open a dialogue with his buttoned-up students came with the New Year's Eve staging of a bilingual rap opera, "The Great Emancipator Meets the Monkey King".
Guillén on Guillén: The Poetry and the Poet (1979) is a selection of bilingual editions of poems from various stages of Guillén's career, accompanied by comments by the poet.
In the earlier stage of L2 learning, bilinguals typically need their L1 vocabulary as the mediator to access L2 vocabulary due to weak direct links between conceptual representation and L2 lexicon.
This finding was consistent with the prediction of the Revised Hierarchical Model (RHM), which proposed that younger bilinguals, or those at the beginning stage of L2 acquisition, are more inclined to rely on the connection between L1 and L2 translation equivalents to access the meaning of L2 words (Kroll & Stewart, 1994).
Three main adaptation stages involved; translation (employing bilingual and lay panels), cognitive debriefing interviews with patients and validation (assessment of the adaptation's psychometric properties).
WEST ORANGE Luna Stage "Mi Casa, Tu Casa," bilingual celebration of tradition and family by Dania Ramos.
Stage I : initial translation; a bilingual translator whose mother tongue is Arabic generated an independent translation in Arabic, referred to as T1.
The process consisted of three main stages; translation (by means of bilingual and lay panels), cognitive debriefing interviews with patients to determine face and content validity and validation by means of a clinic visit and postal survey.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com