After the retention enema, the right and left parts of the colon can give acoustic access to the bilateral ureters, while the colon transversum, hepatic flexure of colon, and the upper ascending colon can give acoustic access to the extrahepatic bile duct, which can help visualize these structures clearly.
Blocking intestinal absorption also increases the flux of bile acids into the colon and can increase the TGR5-mediated release of GLP-1, which would act to promote insulin sensitivity 51, 52.
In this study, normal saline was employed to fill the colon and replace the bowel gas to form acoustic windows for transabdominal ultrasonography; hence, the structures of the whole ureters and extrahepatic bile duct can be visualized clearly.
Indicated by A and the arrows is the upper bound of the overlapping between the extrahepatic bile duct and transverse colon, and indicated by B and the arrows is the lower bound of the overlapping.
Subsequently, we planned an extended resection of the right upper organs including the right liver, extrahepatic bile duct, colon around the hepatic flexure, and duodenum above the ampulla of Vater to enhance the probability of R0 status.
Anatomically, the ureters are nearly parallel to the sigmoid colon, descending colon, ascending colon, and ileocecus, and the extrahepatic bile duct is nearly overlapped by the transverse colon.
Six patients (two gastric, two bile duct, one colon, and one pancreatic) were evaluated as having had a stable disease for longer than 4 weeks at the time of the study's completion.
a, b Macroscopically, the mass invaded the common bile duct, duodenum, transverse colon, and abdominal wall.
Yet, SLCO1B3 also promotes bile acid uptake in the colon, and which in a recent study was shown to activate cyclooxygenase-2 gene transcription (Oshio et al. 2008), in turn known to promote tumor cell proliferation.
Those bile acids that escape absorption pass into the colon and can be eliminated in the feces.
