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Considering the possible effect of economic growth on environmental pollution, the conventional ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation may suffer from endogeneity biases caused by possible bilateral causality.
In the long-run, there is a bilateral causality and relationship between economic growth and health spending.
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More specifically, we used Granger causality to describe the effective connectivity between the ROI (bilateral amygdalae) and all other brain regions in each subject for both groups.
The present rs-fMRI study with Granger causality analysis demonstrated effective connectivity alterations from and to the bilateral PTH in MWCA comparing to MWoCA and HC respectively.
The results showed a short-run causality running from GDP to health expenditure, but there is a bilateral long-run relationship between economic growth and health expenditure.
In participants who received the feedback of attention-related neuronal activity, the EC estimated from Granger causality analysis was reinforced within the task-related network, such as between the bilateral cingulate gyri and frontal cortices, whereas the EC between the task-related network and task-unrelated resting-state network, including the inferior parietal lobule, was diminished.
Ghosh and Yamarik (2004) reveal, through the common progressions that undertake efficient two-way causality, the FTA and trading blocs have a significant direct effect on the volume of bilateral trade among member nations comparative to non-member nations.
The differential Granger Causality (dGC) was significantly above zero from at least some left BA44 voxels (part of the pMNS) to bilateral BA2 voxels in the somatosensory cortex (also within the pMNS) and to voxels of the right MOG, left thalamus, left cerebellar vermis and right cerebellum (within the integration network) when analyses were confined to the joint action blocks (Fig. 2A & Table 1).
The causality seems obvious.
Causality kept escaping her.
Causality reunified.
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