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Socio-hydrology is proposed as a new water science that focuses on studying cross-scale bidirectional interactions of society and hydrological cycles and the co-evolution of human-water systems (Sivapalan et al. 2012).
More recently, bidirectional interactions of the gut microbiota on host brain function, through neurohumoral communication (dubbed the gut-brain axis) have also been gaining attention in gastrointestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, as well as in more unexpected pathologies, such as autism (De Angelis et al., 2013; Kang et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2013).
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An appropriate understanding of the bidirectional interaction of early EOC cells with activated stromal cells helps identify novel diagnostic stromal markers and molecular targets for clinical therapy.
Therefore we investigated a possible bidirectional interaction of the brain with the spleen via the autonomic nervous system using four different approaches.
Metastasis to bone is a complex multistep event, which involves a bidirectional interaction of the tumor cells with cellular elements in three different micro-environments [ 7]: the site of primary neoplasm, the circulation, and the bone microenvironment.
The findings of Dernellis and Panaretou, 20 as well as those of Liao et al 19 together with earlier studies, provide support for the bidirectional interaction of AS and hypertension.
This channel pair was further analyzed to identify the effect of bidirectional interaction on phase-lag.
The instances of bidirectional interactions in the network suggests that the order of the interacting chromosomes cannot be discerned.
The unidirectional and bidirectional interactions among the components of Toll, Jak-Stat, IMD and JNK pathway of D. melanogaster were mined individually from three pathway databases KEGG [ 116], FlyReactome (http://fly.reactome.org/) and INOH [ 117] followed by extensive manual curations from scientific literatures.
The impact of the cardiac endothelium on those different cardiac cells along with complex (bidirectional) interactions accentuates the relevance of endothelial dysfunction [ 29, 30] in the pathogenesis of HFpEF.
In this review we illustrate how AFM has provided important insights on our current understanding of the mechanobiology of cells, ECM and cell-ECM bidirectional interactions, particularly in the context of soft acinar tissues like the mammary gland or pulmonary tissue.
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