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We found that H3K4me3, H3K9ac, and H3K27ac were significantly more enriched upstream of the TSS in bidirectional genes compared with the unidirectional ones.
The HMs H3K4me3, H3K9ac, H3K27ac, and H3K4me2 were identified to be more enriched upstream of the TSS in bidirectional genes compared with unidirectional genes.
We found that the promoter marks H3K4me3, H3K9ac, and H3K27ac had higher signal upstream of the TSS in bidirectional genes compared with unidirectional.
TAF1 and NELFe had ChIP-seq signals similar to that of RNA Pol II with higher signal upstream of the TSS of the bidirectional genes compared with the unidirectional ones.
The patterns for TAF1 and NELFe were very similar to the pattern for RNA Pol II with a higher peak upstream of the TSS in the bidirectional genes compared with the unidirectional ones.
As expected, the RNA Pol II-signal was higher upstream of the TSS in the bidirectional genes compared with the unidirectional, which agrees with higher antisense transcription in the bidirectional genes.
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The segment with the largest difference in prevalence of CTCF peaks covered the expected CTCF peak site (76-230 bp upstream of the TSS) and held a significant enrichment (p < 6.7·10-7, Fisher's exact test) of CTCF peaks in the unidirectional genes compared with the bidirectional ones (Additional file 1: Figure S5E).
Consequently, in order to exclude the contribution of chromatin-level gene regulation, the co-regulation level of bidirectional genes should be compared with other adjacent gene architectures as well as the random gene pairs.
It was found that specific cis-motifs were over-represented in bidirectional promoters compared with unidirectional promoters (5), and that the co-regulation of bidirectional genes may involve different h2h pairs (7).
Excluding 41 identical pairs, 12.8% (21 of 164) human ECM domain pairs were bidirectional compared with previous estimates of 3 6% for all proteins (Kummerfeld and Teichmann 2009).
In an earlier study [ 13] we observed that the histone 3 acetylation (H3ac) signal upstream from the transcription start sites (TSS) was lower in unidirectional compared with bidirectional genes whereas both groups had approximately equal signal downstream of the TSS.
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