Furthermore, from the Granger causality test, we found that there are bidirectional causality relationships between gross fixed capital formation in industry, oil price, manufacturing exports, population growth, agricultural output, and industrial output in the short and long run.
Odhiambo (2009b) uncovered a bidirectional Granger causality relationship between GDP and electricity consumption in South Africa using employment as an intermittent variable in a simple trivariate framework.
In other words, we look forward to recognize the feasibility of feedback relationship (i.e., the bidirectional causality) between insurance market density and economic growth.
For instance, [7] in their study on the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria covering periods 1980 2008 found that there was bidirectional causality between the two.
Evidence suggests that PTSD may be a causal risk factor for subsequent depression; however, associations are likely complex, involving bidirectional causality, common risk factors, and common vulnerabilities.
Moreover, a bidirectional causality between labor and capital, and between CO2 emissions and capital are found.
Granger causality result determined there is evidence of bidirectional causality between the variables (sales from production- labor, sales from production – gross value added and labor) in all groups.
Fossil fuel Granger cause industrial GDP and there is a bidirectional causality running between fossil fuel and population density.
Third, we find the existence of a bidirectional causality between nuclear consumption and economic; and a unidirectional causality running from economic growth to renewable energy consumption for the global panel.
The results of the panel vector error correction model finds bidirectional causality between nuclear energy consumption and economic growth in the short-run while unidirectional causality from nuclear energy consumption to economic growth in the long-run.
