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Furthermore, there is bidirectional causal relationship between lnMX and lnIO in the short and long run.
To summarize, our analysis on the dynamics of social aggregations show the presence of a bidirectional causal relationship between social connections and similarity.
Moreover according to them there is bidirectional causal relationship between the share of bank credit to non-financial private sector in total domestic credit and growth rate of economy.
Both of these pathways are supported by a recent systematic review of longitudinal studies, which found evidence for a bidirectional causal relationship between common mental disorders and IPV.
They also demonstrate the development of MetS in patients with established CKD, which suggests a bidirectional causal relationship between CKD and MetS.
Although the relationship between user satisfaction and PACS dependence was confirmed in this study, there may be a bidirectional causal relationship between them.
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15 Limitations of extant reviews on frailty and depression are the few studies included (<40); 6– 7 no rigorous classification of depression; 7 no use of Fried criteria; 6 confounding disability as an outcome with frailty; 6 no published effect sizes; 6, 7 and a lack of longitudinal cohort studies that explore uni- or bidirectional causal relationships between frailty and depression.
A bidirectional causal relationship is the likely cause for the difficulty individuals with PTSD have in quitting smoking [ 5].
A recent review [ 56] suggests a bidirectional and causal relationship between hyperuricaemia and hyperinsulinaemia, the former reducing nitric oxide bioavailability and the latter decreasing the renal excretion of urate.
These associations suggest a potential pathway of the mother child weight relationship, although any causal relationship between food intake and being overweight may be bidirectional.
The causal relationship between diabetes and impaired mental health is thought to be bidirectional, with each condition exacerbating the other [ 4].
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