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On the basis of the Granger non-causality procedure developed by Toda and Yamamoto (J Econom 66:225–250, 1995) and Yamada and Toda (J Econom 86:55 95 , 1998, the results show that the causality is bidirectional between FDI and growth in Estonia and unidirectional (running from FDI to growth) in Latvia and Lithuania.
In our G29 × 29 edge-complete matrix, the connectivity was bidirectional between 214 projection pairs, unidirectional for 108 pairs, and unconnected for 84 pairs (see Supplementary Table 4).
This involved determining whether the external inputs enter the model from ventral or dorsal frontal regions, whether the intrahemispheric interactions were forward or backward, and whether the interhemispheric interactions were unidirectional or bidirectional between left and right frontal regions.
Further work using nonlinear techniques has revealed that the coupling in the theta band is bidirectional between the LFP and the peripheral tremor and there is significant delay (1 2 tremor cycles) for the brain-to-tremor driving signal.
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Moreover, a bidirectional causality between labor and capital, and between CO2 emissions and capital are found.
This network is defined by modulation of bidirectional connections between OFC and amygdala and between OFC and FG.
The relaying can be used to enable bidirectional communication between two users without a direct link between them.
CL, Q 1, Q 2, Q in, Q out, and Q br are total body clearance, bidirectional clearance between plasma and peripheral compartment 1, bidirectional clearance between plasma and peripheral compartment 2, clearance into the brain, clearance out of the brain, and bidirectional clearance between central and peripheral brain compartments, respectively.
Epidemiological studies support a bidirectional relationship between serum testosterone and obesity as well as between testosterone and the metabolic syndrome.
For example, there is probably a "bidirectional relationship" between coronary artery disease and major depression.
There is a bidirectional relationship between periodontal disease and diabetes.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com