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Given the evidence of positive selection into the labor force for women (Olivetti and Petrongolo, 2008), we should also expect the latter group of women will be more likely to engage in the labor force than the former, biasing the estimates of the effect of grandparents' childcare on young women's labor force participation downwards.
While pre-whitening is useful as a technique to prevent autocorrelation from biasing the estimates of cross-correlation, it is important to remember that the autocorrelation in the original time series is additional information, not just nuisance, and there are circumstances where we would like to access all available information.
All individuals with missing sex were then assumed to be males, but as some of them in fact were females, their lower CLs were downward biasing the estimates of CLmale.
However, the marking methods and fluorescent dusts in MRR experiments can have a significant impact on differential survival of males and females in Ae. aegypti (Dickens and Brant 2014), biasing the estimates of dispersal in the two sexes.
This implies that considering partnership status just as covariate in the fertility equation largely captures the influence that some other covariates have on fertility, biasing the estimates of interest.
Some years ago, we carried out extensive work on the misclassification of smoking status and the effect it has in biasing the estimates of the association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and lung cancer [ 39- 42].
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(v) Any measurement error in the genotype will add additional error in the manner of any other exposure, biasing the estimate of the interaction effect.
The small sample was clearly a limitation of this analysis and biased the estimates of LE.
Reverse causation may have biased the estimates of excess risk of CNS cancer from CT scans.
The possibility of non-differential exposure misclassification would have biased the estimates of the observed association towards the null.
The exclusion of pregnancies of unknown length could have biased the estimates of trends in excess fetal mortality for boys.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com