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37 We suspect that, due to the nature of the precautions taken, confounding could have biased the effect of regular service attendance, rather than that of antipsychotic medicaments.
If an item is biased, the effect of ethnicity could be partialed out of it using standard regression procedures (controlling for the effect of ethnicity).
26 27 Since we used filled prescriptions as a measure of actual drug intake, non-adherence or treatment discontinuation before admission could have biased the effect of any given drug towards the null value.
As change in BP medication was expected to have influenced patient's BP and biased the effect of the trial supplement, the correlating data points were excluded from planned adjusted analysis.
Persson Waller and her colleagues [ 19] suggested that differences in treatment strategies between SR and SH herds could have biased the effect of breed in studies using veterinary records of disease, concurring with our findings.
In addition, limiting the study population to the sample of adult males who are the main income providers may not capture the effect of the smoking prevalence and labor force participation rates among women, which have been shown to increase in recent years [ 39, 59]; excluding this group in the sample could have biased the effect of smoking on household expenditures.
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One possibility is that other individual characteristics in the data are biasing the effect of immigration.
This assumption would tend to overestimate the effect of storage duration, thus biasing the effect of age on PON1 activity toward the null.
Measurement error in a confounder biases the effect of exposure to the same extent in each subgroup, and therefore does not alter the estimated interaction term.
A few survivors with very high ISS scores might have biased the effect estimate of this upper segment.
The accuracy of self-reports on scientific misconduct might be biased by the effect of social expectations.
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