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If a publication bias exists, then the published literature is a biased sample of all studies on a topic, and any meta-analysis based on it will be similarly biased.
This introduced possible response bias, i.e., the respondents were a biased sample of all indirectly affected eligible participants.
It was not possible to determine whether those studies reporting weight were a biased sample of all smoking cessation trials, although we found no evidence of bias on the funnel plot.
In addition, SNPs in arrays are a biased sample of all the SNPs that segregate in the population of interest (an ascertainment bias exists), whereas direct sequencing does not suffer, in principle, from this drawback.
As pointed out by Borenstein et al. [[7], p. 378], "... if these studies are a biased sample of all possible studies, then the mean effect reported by a meta-analysis will reflect this bias".
To assess whether these were a biased sample of all possible species with respect to aspects of species biology, we compared the median adult body mass (from data collated by Dunning [19]) and median breeding range latitudinal midpoint (from data collected by Orme et al. [20]) of the 251 species, with the distribution of 1000 medians for 251 randomly chosen species.
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Instead, it aims to acquire a (potentially biased) sample of parameter points distributed all over the viable space.
However, the major limitation in studies of this kind is that the data are drawn from are an inherently biased sample, in that all of the examined prostheses failed early.
Not all of the casual-sex experiences recorded on the site were positive, even among what is surely a heavily biased sample.
In case of selection bias, a 10% random sample of all potential references will be validated by a second author for agreement.
My informal straw poll of a statistically significant and not at all biased (ahem) sample of 13 U.S. and UK dwellers on Twitter and Facebook seem to be on the fence.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com